Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods

This paper provides an overview of different methods assessing the trace metal (TM) contamination status sediments affected by anthropogenic interference. The geochemical background determination are also described. A total 25 papers covering rivers, lakes, and retention tanks in areas subjected to pressure from last three years (2019, 2020, 2021) were analysed support our examination assessment measures. Geochemical ecotoxicological classifications presented that may prove useful for sediment evaluation. Among indices, several individual pollution indices (CF, Igeo, EF, Pi (SPI), PTT), complex (PLI, Cdeg, mCdeg, Pisum, PIAvg, PIaAvg, PIN, PIProd, PIapProd, PIvectorM, PINemerow, IntPI, MPI), compared. includes Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) introduced nationally (as LAWA or modified LAWA). this review cover (ERi) (CSI, SPI, RAC, PERI, MERMQ). Biomonitoring contaminated sites based on plant bioindicators is extensively explored as indirect method evaluating sites. most commonly used reviewed CF. Many authors referred via SQG. Moreover, which toxic response index, was just popular. recognised include Phragmites Salix species. can be considered Fe, Cu, Cd, Ni bioindication sites, while hybrid cultivars such Klara phytostabilisation rhizofiltration due higher Zn, accumulation roots. Vetiveria zizanoides demonstrated resistance As stress feasibility remediation As. offer a feasible tool recovering valuable elements development circular economy (e.g., rare earth elements).